International Journal of Cardiovascular Research & Innovation

ABSTRACT

Heart failure (HF) poses a signicant burden on healthcare systems due to its cost of treatment, morbidity, and mortality. HF can arise from various cardiac dysfunctions or comorbidities such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and dyslipidemia. Biomarkers, especially natriuretic peptides (NP), play a crucial role in HF diagnosis and prognosis. Emerging biomarkers like galectin-3 and sST2 show promise, particularly for HFpEF and HFmrEF. Investigating cellular signatures at the single-cell level and somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells has revealed their links to HF progression and outcomes. Metabolomics proling distinguishes between HFpEF and HFrEF, with distinct metabolite proles indicating variations in pathophysiological mechanisms. This review article provides a concise overview of emerging biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of HF. It is apparent that the future of HF diagnosis and treatment should focus on comprehensive single-cell multi-omics panels, combining transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics. This approach will aid in identifying more precise biomarkers and risk factors related to the HF phenotype, allowing for improved diagnostics and targeted therapies.

Article History

Received 20 July 2023; Revised 26 August 2023; Accepted 4 September 2023

KEYWORDS

1. Heart failure biomarkers
2. Cardiovascular risk factors
3. Diagnostic biomarkers
4. Prognostic biomarkers